Edward Thorndike (1874-1949), an early twentieth century psychologist, was the first to build up what he referred to as the Law of Effect. The Law of Effect, simply stated, proposed that whatsoever demeanour that resulted in pleasant consequences would tend to be repeated, opus any(prenominal) manner that resulted in unpleasant consequences would not. Thorndike later notice what he termed Spread of Effect. Not only would any behavior that resulted in pleasant consequences be repeated, but also any responses surrounding the reinforced one (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005, 69).
Building on the prior work of Thorndike, B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) began to elaborate and extend Thorndikes ideas on learned behavior. Skinner differentiated between what he termed responsive (or reflexive) behavior, and learned (or operative) behavior. Operant behavior could be characterized by the plain effects it has on the environment. Operant conditioning, therefore, is learning in which the opportunity of a response is changed by a chance in its environment (PM, n.d.).
backup and penalisation
Two concepts important to an understanding of operant conditioning are documentation and punishment. Reinforcers and punishment are precise types of consequences.
Reinforcement encourages a behavior, while punishment discourages a behavior.
Reinforcement is any consequence of behavior that increases the chances of a behavior cosmos repeated. Reinforcement may be either positive or negative. Positive reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is presented after a response, thus promote the response to be repeated. Negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is removed after a response, encouraging the response to be repeated. In this context, the terms positive and negative do not refer to good or poor; but rather, to the addition or remove of a stimulus.
Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement and is any consequence that decreases the chances of a behavior being repeated. The...If you want to get a full essay, instal it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com
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