Compromise Agreements

Cease-fires may facilitate negotiations near a settlement, but too often they provide for an hazard to prepare for renewed warfare, as was the case on many a nonher(prenominal) occasions in the recent Yugoslav conflict.

The U.N. often finds itself ineffectual to scoot decisive bodily function to resolve conflicts, and its resolutions are increasingly defied or ignored by those who feel themselves strong adequacy to do so. The Arab-Israeli conflict, Cyprus, unrest in Southeast Asia, and the Kashmir dispute take in been on the U.N. agenda almost since its beginning. Nor afford the conditions that are primal these conflicts--arms races, racial discrimination, demand for scarce resources, and mutually incompatible claims for self-determination--been amend by collective action (Haas, 1983, pp. 189-193).

A study of the menstruum between 1945 and 1981 recorded 282 disputes in the world-wide arena. Of these 282, 79 were not referred to any international organization, 123 made the agenda of the U.N., 28 went to the system of American States (OAS), 25 to the Organization of African Unity (OAU), 22 to the League of Arab Nations, and five to the Council of Europe. While the number of referrals has varied well over time without any general trend, the relative number of successful conflict management has declined, and more so in the case of the U.N. than in the case of regional organizations.

This may step to the fore to be reason for dis

In the past decade, collective efforts to manage conflict tended to thrive when disputes were comprehend to threaten global quiescence, but they tended to languish when disputes were scattered and comparatively unconnected to global concerns. As a result, members of regional organizations have tended to compensate for the lack of U.N. activity by upgrading regional activity, resulting in a decline in the number of high-intensity disputes referred to the U.N..

In principle, an international organization may choose between two divergent ways of approaching a conflict: It may take a neutral stance, not favoring one or the other ship's company, or it may take sides, supporting one party against the other.

If it chooses the first alternative, it will try and induce the opposing parties to have a bun in the oven a compromising solution, but its influence with the parties is easily woolly-headed if the organization is perceived as biased. If the second option is preferred, the intellect is usually to achieve settlement by victory or at least to prevent the defeat of a client. correspond to Article 41, the Security Council may "take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security."

The result is a United States whose members are fundamentally divided up on the importance of conflict management as a task. The norms have not disappeared, the rules remain in effect, and the procedures continue to be used; but the members cannot agree on the circumstances chthonic which they ought to be applied. However, the tolerance for conflict that remains diffused, confined to gutless states, and removed to the periphery of politics and geography may in itself be a second-best solution to the problem of war.

may over the operations of the U.N., but international organizations are not the only actors in the international system which may shimmer the role of conflict manager. For example, the Pope recently succeeded in negotiating a settlement in the conflict betw
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