Biological influences on gender Essay

First 40 days after conception, embryos develop in the same way and have effeminate and male anatomy If ovum is fertilised by a sperm carrying another X chromosome, the gonads develop into ovaries.The male elements of anatomy disintegrate the female ones thicken and grow into a womb. The external anatomy develops into female genitalia. If the ovum is fertilised by a sperm carrying a Y chromosome, the gonads cells replace into testes. The male internal organs develop and the female organs disintegrate. External male genitalia develop. every(prenominal) human embryos would develop into females unless they be masculinised by the Y chromosome. internal secretionsAfter the sex chromosomes, the endocrine glands provide the main biologic influences on familiar differentiation. Males and females produce androgens The male hormone is testosterone The female hormones ar oestrogen and progesterone Hormone levels can be taken as a measure of masculinisation and feminisation Under/ over exposure to hormones during the searing period (6 to 8 weeks) can extend to later grammatical sexuality related deportment male childs exposed to too little testosterone whitethorn become less masculine and girls exposed to large derives of testosterone may be more masculine.Hormones from the gonads influence the development of genitalia, the brain and gender demeanour. By week 8 of gestation, the gonads are producing hormones.It is hard to establish hormonal influences on deportment because at that place are other influences that affect our conduct such as the nature, education debate Brain differences Clear differences can be form in the brain function of adult men and women, particularly the function and anatomy of the hypothalamus, these difference however are not found in children under 6 years old Green (1995) states that testosterone may affect other brain structures such as those which influence aggressive behaviour, no direct rise has been foundThe degree of l ateralisation in male and female brains is another difference. The left hemisphere dominates speech and oral communication while the right hemisphere controls spatial skills with information being passed in the midst of hemispheres through the corpus coliseum. Shaywitz & Shaywitx (1995) utilise MRI scans to examine the brain whilst men and women carried out language tasks. Found that women used both hemispheres o the brain whereas men used the left hemisphere studies that support, with paygrade pointsThere are four sources of evidence to assess the link between biology and gender behaviour sensual studies, subject study research, correlating hormone levels and gender behaviour. animal studies young (1966) studied rats, a species where male and females show very different sexual behaviours males mount from behind and females adopt the lordosis position (back arched, head low) gave doses of male hormones to female rats and vice versa during critical period found that they showe d reverse behaviours, males adopted the lordosis position and females attempted to mount from behind supports the report that hormones are responsible for deciding male/female mating behaviour Animal studies evaluation points The takings of the use of animals in research, is it ethical? wrong to it is ethically wrong to inflict such pointless distraint upon any living creature. Either animals are so dissimilar to us that we cannot logically apply the results of animal tests to military man, or they are so similar that it is unethical to test upon them cannot apply to humans and make generality because he anatomy of a rat is very different to the anatomy of a human.Cannot assume that humans would show the same results. There is no way to really know because it would be extremely unethical to manipulate hormones into humans during the critical period. we have to use case studies, like the young study, and wait for them to snuff it naturally +supports biological feeler, shows that hormones are responsible for gender behaviour +it is a lab experiment, which means that at that place is lots of control and variables can be controlled, it also means that it is very reliable as it is a scientific experiment.. + which lead on to the fact that the experiment is replicable, not a lot is demand to carry out the experiment, just rats an hormones then all that you need to do s observe the rats pillowcase study research specie & Erhardt (1972)1 infant was exposed to male hormones in utero compare to sister who was not mother was asked to comment on games played, toys used and clothing choices exposed girl = boyish girls, higher(prenominal) IQ and career aspirations follow up in 1974 showed only one difference in girls is that the exposed girl was more physically active Money and Erhardt evaluation points Many of the questions asked were leading questions which of your daughters is the most hoydenish?, the researchers may have used these to get a particular typ e of answer follow up study in 1974 found only one difference, that the exposed girls were more physically active + indwelling experiment, ethical, high ecological validity+ supports biological approach, although there is not strong evidence there still is evidence to show that there is a link between biology and gender behaviour because the mother was told that her child is going to be more interested in boyish activities, she could have unintentionally encouraged more boyish behaviours onto her daughter Hines (1984)3- 8 year old boys and girls with congenital adrenal hypersia (CAH) examined the amount of rough and tumble play compared them to an unaffected control groupfound minor difference between CAH girls and control group girls CAH girls preferred playing with boys in 2004, compared 25 men and women who had CAH with their unaffected relatives both groups asked to recollect back and recall childhood gender role behaviour women with CAH recalled more boy related behaviours boys with CAH were no different to their unaffected male relativesHines evaluation points + natural experiment, nothing was forced + used a control group, shows comparison+used both males and females, no gender bias +ethical. because it is natural experiment -lacks nation validity, does not say how many ppts in 1994 study and only 25 ppts in 2004 study -ignores environmental factors influencing behaviours, such as sibling and role models -showed only limited evidence supporting the biological approach correlating hormone levels and gender behaviour in normal populationsDeady et al looked at relationship between gender role orientation an testosterone levels in child free young women asked ppts to complete SRI and asked how broody they felt and exalted age for having first child found women with high salivary levels of testosterone tended to have lower scores relating to the disposition to have children lower maternal drives may be related to higher levels of male hormones Deady et al evaluation pointsOnly shows a link, no cause and effect +objective measure.. unbiased measurement/analysis, in that you measure what is there and not impacted by your beliefs or philosophy of somethingthat is for subjective measurement/analysis. The boy who was raised as a girlBruce and Brian, tally born in 1965at 6 months old, the twins were circumcisedBruces operation was botched and his penis was all but burnt off went to Dr. John Money (who firmly believed gender was learnt) money advised that Bruces penis be removed so that he looked like a girl, and be raised as Brenda Brian the identical twin was the controlBrenda received female hormone treatments after being told the truth, Brenda instantly reverted to his true sex Boy who was raised as a girl evaluation points+ Biological sex is the primary factor contributing to a sense of gender. even up when he though that he was a girl he still felt like he was the wrong gender, without even knowing that he was biologically male . + Case study, lots of information, detailed account, valid +supports that nature, nurture doesnt have as much control evaluation of the role of genes and hormones +scientific approach to gender, gender - biology - science - objective, sex/gender is the same +implications on real life situations, e.g. Olympics- compete with the gender that you identify with, genetic sex no longer determines gender +makes sense, we inherit other features such as hair and eye colour, why not gender features + lots of supporting evidence1. animal studies2. case studies say how it supports- +&- of studies 3. correlation studies4. boy who was raised as a girllots of supporting evidence, cannot verbalizetoo deterministic gender= determined by your genesignores other factors that determine gender role behaviour e.g. role models, siblings, media, education reductionist, reducing behaviour down to genes, hormones and genes (biology) nurture, transgender, supports nurture behaviourist approach, gender is le arnt other approaches, Freud, psychosexual stages