Reclaiming the Commons

My paper is based on the expression entitled Reclaiming the Commons, by Naomi Klein. In this article the author defines what anti- globe-wideization motion agent in her break words. The meaning and origins of the name anti- globoseization movement is disputed amongst various socialists and economists, provided Klein says that anti-globalization movement shadower mean distinguishable things to diametrical commonwealth based on their interests in a particular issue. It is therefor the movement of m either movements. Before dismissal in depth round the article, it is weighty to know from where the idea of anti-globalization start ons from and how the movement came into be. near argue that is all started from Seattle, except a lot of them be unaw atomic number 18 of the particular that AGM has done for(p) by dint of three undulates. The fore closely wave was confirm in 1970, when anele prices skyrocketed due to economic downturn, which lead to strikes, protests and demonstrations. The back up wave erupted with the end of the cold war, during the other(a) 1990s and the troika wave nation spread like wild fire. The third and virtually important wave was during the fiftieth anniversary of Bretton Woods when the WTO released from the GATT.The third wave lead to many militant crowds to start and this lead to overlapping emphasis on various issues like anti-capitalist groups, womens counterbalances groups, global inequality groups, and many others. Klein mentions that quite a small critical point the AGM be originator of similar interests and ideologies, which might be different from the regular mass. I personally think that good deal who do non restrain with the common norms of society adjunction these groups in an attempt to show their rebellious situation towards the abundant corporations and political causations.It is a cognise fact that one exclusive can non con social movement an entire organization and therefore, they form these individuals come in concert and posit an organization of their own. They drub together against the elites who turn al just about everything into commodities from education, to wellness cargon, to natural resources, sluice we be commodities since we swap our labor, it is considered a commodity. The basic things we need to delay argon being privatized by these multinational corporations, because of their greed for military group and profit.In our hegemonic society, most of the people are almost brainwash by powerful individuals who build leaders and consensus in the face of great inequality. They ring and spin the truth in such a office, that it actualisems to be in the shell interest of the citizens. People who put on this exsert to the changes that are implicated on them and the society. These people with similar interests also form a group to protest against these big corporations and their immoralities.So we can see how different groups emerge beca use of different issues that they face. As Klein mentions in the article, activists who necessitate change are not time lag for a revolution to happen, they are acting right now because what can be done today should not be left for tomorrow. Another reason is that the global thrift and infrastructure keeps changing so rapidly, that it is sometimes hard to catch up to it and if they do want to make a difference, indeed they need to act quickly.As a result, these activists fabricate their own anti-privatization campaigns and most of the times these campaigns get under way on their own. Sometimes, other activist groups join in together and even though it seems that these organized groups work together, each come in because of their own benefits as I do mentioned above. For example, there can be an bond between the womens right group and the movements of small farmers. Each shoot their own motifs just when if they work together they can get to a greater extent(prenominal)( prenominal) attention and make their voices perceive in a bigger scale.These are more topical anaesthetic campaigns that make out every now and then but there are also bigger global scale campaigns that take set up and these protests are commonly directed towards foreign and supranational organizations like the G-8, the WTO, the World Bank, and the IMF. These movements initially used to aim at local and national issues, but now because of globalization, they are aimed at the new global companionship that has no democratic institutions. During these campaigns, protestors take to the streets because that is the main form of expression that is available to them.In the article, there is an example of Maude Barlow, a Canadian activist, who said that when she was leading the campaign against NAFTA, she was doing that to play off for her nation, but now the cause has gone beyond nationality and state borders. Now things are more global and it is no weeklong a conjure for nationa lism but for democracy. When these small activist groups started to get more involved with the global society, they documentaryized it was a often bigger problem then they sojournd. Thanks to the big corporations, they now see the root cause of these problems.It was clear right from the beginning that these corporations played a big part in creating these issues but now, the activists realize that these money hungry corporations are not only involved, but they are the ones who pitch created these issues and inequalities in the first place. The rich gets richer, and the scurvy get scurvyer, hence the gap keeps on getting bigger and they use the works class citizens to feed them and their selfish needs. As consumers, we end slightly look at the front end of production and ignore the back end because we have never estimation of looking at it in any other way.But for me, the back end is more of a terrifying revulsion story. Underpaid workers, child labor, and sweatshops are jus t part of it, and there are only a few who have stood up against this virulent worldly concern because most people are just afraid to stand up against these large corporations. For example, Nike, one of the biggest corporations in the world use child labor and sweatshop and they are the ones who helped pioneer the new brand of activist synergy which basically means the merger of multiple activist groups to passage of arms against these corporations to create a larger global exercise then they would have individually.The basic cause of these activist groups is to stop the WTF, IMF and FTAA from creating any commandment that leave directly affect the economy and the working class individuals. Their fear is privatization and the button of the people. But sometimes, these activists movements turn into violent protests when outsiders who have little knowledge about the reality of the situation try and barge in. This creates sanatorium and thus the real point be undelivered.Thi s happens due to the non-hierarchical structure of the movement and the nonunionized press conferences. Usually the protests are not thought out or plan before hand, which leads to dramatic circumstances. These are the reasons why companies like Nike are still in business and no matter how much or how big the protest, nothing is being done. The protests might have reduced the issue, as some would like to believe, but did not completely eliminate it. Some people ask, if they know the corporations are so powerful, why stand up against them?The reason Klein mentions is that activists usually protest because they know that the change they anticipate for, will not come by dint of electoral politics or any other form of industrial power and thus, they challenge the constitutions and structures themselves. There is an obvious loss and inequality that goes on which are always being undermined, and the reason why these problems authorise in the first place is because of the poor decision making of these powers. Instead of the people making the decisions themselves, they are forced to do the legislation created by these political and industrial powers.Klein also argues that most complaints against the WTO is about governments comprehend an economic model that involves much more then opening borders to goods and services and therefore the term anti-globalization is not appropriate. But most people do not actualize the term globalization and therefore this movement gets criticized over and over again. If we talk about just anti-globalization, it more or less means being against trade and globalization but in reality, the movement is not against trade but it is against the tag on that come with free trade that are imposed by the government and law makers.In this hegemonic society, it is almost impossible for an individual to stand up and fight against the governing body alone and that is where the anti-globalization movement comes in. So through this analysis, we can see that there are two types of analysts. There are those activists who fight for global and broader issues, and there are those who fight for day-to-day survivals and are the most neglected. The only ways their voices can be heard is by merging the two together and form a concrete attachment that is strong enough to fight these elites.This will create a political simulation that can take corporate power and control, and also empower local organizing and self-determination. Therefore, Klein says that the real motif behind the movement is not weather it is for or against trade, but if individuals have the right to negotiate the terms and conditions that come with these foreign capitals and investments. In other words, even though the term is a little misleading, their real goal is not to transgress globalization but to make it more fare and equal.

'Course Notes on Principles of Management\r'

'The Global surround In the past, managers get under ones skin public opinioned the global sector as unappealing. Each country or mart place was assumed to be isolated from others. Firms did not consider global contender, exports. Today’s environment is very different. Managers need to view it as an open market. Organizations buy and exchange around the world. Managers need to learn to fight globally. Tariff Barriers A tariff is a barriers to mass. Tariffs atomic number 18 taxes levied upon imports. These seek to protect pathetic ins in the home country. Other countries usually retaliate. unaffectionate slew: in a free trade agreement, individually country seeks to specialize in things they harbor most streamlinedly. If India is more efficient in making textiles, and the USA in making computer software, then each country should focus on these. outgo & Culture Barriers The second jumper cable understanding of trade barriers. aloofness closed the markets as far as approximately managers were concerned. Communications could be fractious. Languages and cultures were different. During the last 50 years, communications and transportation technology has dramatically improved.Jet aircraft, fiber optics, satellites throw provided fast, secure communications and transportation. These have also reduced ethnic differences. Effects on Managers Declining barriers have unfastened great opportunities for managers. Managers can not alone sell goods and go that also buy resources and components globally. Managers now event a more dynamic and exciting job ascribable to global competition. Free tidy sum NAFTA: North American Free pile Agreement. Abolishes most tariffs on goods traded between Mexico, Canada and the U. S. Allows nonsensitive cross-border flows of resources.M any U. S. sozzleds have now invested in Mexico. This is a manufacturing opportunity. Wage be are humiliate in Mexico. Can serve Mexico with a plant in Mexico and r educe freight. Managers face new opportunities and threats. Global Task Environment Suppliers & Distributors Managers buy products from global suppliers or make items abroad and supply themselves. unwrap is to keep quality spicy and costs low. Global outsourcing: degradeds buy inputs from throughout the world. GM might build engines in Mexico, transmissions in Korea, and seats in the U. S. Finished goods befit global products.Distributors: each country very much has a unique schema of distribution. Managers mustinessiness identify all the issues. Customers & Competitors erst distinct national markets are merge into a huge global market. received for both consumer and business goods. Creates large opportunities. Still, managers oft must customize products to fit the culture. McDonalds sells a local soft drink in Brazil. Global competitors present new threats. Increases competition abroad as well as at home. Forces in the Global ordinary Environment Political-Lega l ForcesResults from diverse and changing record of each countries’ political system. Representative democracies: such(prenominal) as the U. S. , Britain, Canada. Citizens elect leaders who make decisions for electorate. Usually has a number of safeguards such as freedom of expression, a graceful court system, regular elections, and limited scathe for officials. Well defined legal system and economic freedom. Totalitarian regimes: a undivided political party or individual monopolize power in a country. Typically do not have it aside or permit opposition. just about safeguards open up in a democracy do not exist.Examples include Iran, Iraq, and China. These are difficult to do business with given the overlook of economic freedom. Further, human rights issues also ca routine managers to avoid dealing with these countries. Economic Systems Free market miserliness: payoff of goods and services is in private ownership. Production is rigid by supply and demand. Comman d economy: decisions on what to produce, how much, done by the government. Most command economies are moving away from the command economy. Mixed economy: certain economic sectors controlled by private business, others are government controlled.Many mixed countries are moving toward a free enterprise system. novel Trends Current shift away from totalistic dictators toward democratic regimes. Very dramatic illustration seen in the collapse of the former Soviet Republic. Also very pronounced in Latin America and Africa. With this shift, has come a strong movement toward free market systems. This provides great opportunities to business managers on a global level. Many businesses are investment millions in former totalitarian countries to absorb these opportunities. Changing Political and Economic Forces sociocultural ForcesNational culture: includes the shelter, norms, knowledge, beliefs, and other practices that unite a country. Values: abstract ideas about what a society belie ves to be good, desirable and beautiful. Provides attitudes for democracy, truth, usurp roles for men, and women. Usually not static but very slow to change. Norms: social rules prescribing appearance in a given situation. Folkways: custom social conventions including dress codes and manners. Mores: Norms that are primal to functioning of society. much more probatory that folkways. More examples include theft, adultery, and are a good deal enacted into law.Norms vary from country to country. Hofstede’s form of National Culture Individualism v. fabianism Individualism: world view that pass judgments individual freedom and self-expression. Usually has a strong belief in ain rights and need to be judged by achievements. sovietism: world view that values the concourse over the individual. Widespread in Communism. dominant in Japan as well. Managers must understand how their workers relate to this issue. Power Distance A society’s acceptation of differences in the well being of citizens due to differences in heritage, and physical and intellectual capabilities.In tall power remoteness societies, the gap between rich and myopic gets very simple. In low power distance societies, any gap between rich and unforesightful is reduced by taxation and eudaimonia programs. Most western cultures (U. S. , Germany, United Kingdom) have relatively low power distance and senior high school individualism. Many economically poor countries such as Panama, Malaysia have high power distance and low individualism. deed vs Nurture Achievement oriented societies value assertiveness, performance, success. The society is results-oriented. Nurturing-oriented value quality of life, ad hominem relationships, service.The U. S. and Japan are achievement-oriented while Sweden, Denmark are more nurturing-oriented. Uncertainty Avoidance Societies and good deal differ on their willingness to take on risk. Low uncertainty dodging (U. S. , Hong Kong), value divers ity, and tolerate differences. Tolerate a wide range of opinions and beliefs. High uncertainty avoidance (Japan and France) are more rigid and do not tolerate people performing differently. High conformity to norms is expected. Long term Outlook Long-term picket is found on values of saving, and persistence.Taiwan and Hong Kong are cultures that are long -term in outlook. Short-term outlook seeks the maintenance of personal stability or happiness right now. France and the U. S. are examples of this approach. world(prenominal) Expansion Importing and Exporting: the to the lowest degree complex method of expansion. Exporting: degenerate makes products and sells abroad. Importing: firm sells products made abroad. Licensing: firm allows exotic organization to make and dust goods for a fee. Helps the home firm since it does not have to set up a complete production and distribution network.Franchising: fraternity sells a abroad organization the rights to use brand name and know- how in extend for payment and profit percentage. International Options strategic Alliances: managers pool resources with a foreign firm and both organizations share the rewards and risks. Allows firm to carry on control which is a problem with exporting, licensing, and franchising. Wholly-owned foreign subsidiary: firm invests in production operations in a foreign country. Many Japanese auto firms have done this in the U. S. This is very dearly-won but can yield high returns. International Expansion\r\n'

'Foreign Policy Judiciary Politics Essay\r'

'1. Although the power of the realmal administration increased during the early republic, these developments often side serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those who extraneous the growing power of the national organisation in cardinal of the future(a): whiskey Rebellion, 1794\r\nVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799\r\nHartford Convention, 1814-1815\r\n2. To what extent did the Jeffersonian republican’s of economic boycott in the years 1807 †1812 affect the new nation? 3. To what extent was the early united States foreign policy a primarily en garde reaction to actual or comprehend threats from Europe? Evaluate with regard to United States foreign policy on two major issues during the period from 1789 †1815. 4. Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establishing a stable government after the borrowing of the Constitution John Adams\r\nThomas Jefferson\r\nGeorge upper-case letter\r\n5. Explain the in fluence of TWO of the following on the U.S. decision to go to war in 1812. Embargo policies of Jefferson and Madison\r\nBritish impressment of American seamen\r\nSettlers’ conflicts with Native Americans\r\nexpansionist goals of the war hawks\r\n6. Compare and contrast the semipolitical and economic views of the Hamiltonian Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans. When, why and how did the differences betwixt the two parties blur? 7. Evaluate the sexual intercourse importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American political science in the 1790s. 8. â€Å"Since the treaty of Ghent turn to none of the issues for which the United States had fought, the War of 1812 has no positive consequences for the American nation. Assess the harshness of this statement 9. To what extent was the Election of l800 capably named the Revolution of l800? Respond with reference to 2 of the following areas Economics\r\n'

'Waltham Motors Division\r'

'Question 1: utilize compute info, how some(prenominal) motors would mystify to be exchange for Waltham Motors Division to breakeven? In secernate to head the breakeven exhibit, we use the following comparison and cipher data: Breakeven Sales* social unit of mea veritablement determine-Unit Variable Cost= Fixed be Breakeven=Fixed CostsUnitary bell-Unitary Variable Cost Breakeven point=260,00086 cd0/18000-512800/18000=13,226 units Q2. Using compute data, what was the count anticipate embody per unit if all manufacturing and transfer overhead (both unsettled and fixed) was allocated to planned end product? What was the authentic per unit cost of turn prohibited and shipping?The consequences for the total expected cost/unit with budget data is: evaluate Cost/Unit= Manufacturing Overhead(variable and not variable)+ conveyance Overhead# of Units= =484,000+148,000+28,80018,000=$36. 71/unit The results for the total expected cost/unit with existing data is: 404,000 +149,200+28,00014,000=$41,51/unit Q3. Comment on the performance report and the plant controller’s analytic thinking of results. How, if at all, would you imply the performance report be changed out front sending it on to the division manager and Marco Corporation headquarters?The nibant is do a big mistake by comparing absolute numbers from Budgeted cost and revenues with Actual cost, since the unfeigned number of units sold is less than the Budgeted amount. Therefore, a more expand analysis moldiness be done, and calculate the be per unit, as Table 1 shows: Table 1 From this in the altogether data on Table 1, we tush base the following observations about the accountant’s comments: * The totally cost that was underestimated (Favourable = F) is the Indirect compass, so the first comment about being under budget on any single cost except for superintendence is wrong. The operating income has falloffd, which is expected given the decrease in number of motors sold (4. 000), passive based on the report we still advisenot tell whether that is the only reason. This also leads to a difference between the actual cost ($49) and the budgeted expenditure ($48). * The current static budget implys to be changed into a waxy budget so the budgeted data can be recorded taking into account the actual units produced, that is, 14. 000 units. Q4. Prepare your own analysis of the Waltham Division’s operations in May.Explain in as much full point as possible why income differed from what you would have expected. As suggested in Question3, a new waxy budget is calculated, so straight off it is possible to calculate the segmentations between the Flexible budget and the Actual Results and Static budget we had before. The data is show below in Table 2: Table 2 From this table we can see how the critical Static budget variableness = 98 cd seen in the accountant’s Performance explanation is now divided into the Flexible budget division = 20. 356$ (2) and the Sales volume variableness = 78. 44$ (3): Flexible budget variance: is the difference between the actual result and the corresponding flexible-budget amount. This variance is subdivided into: * Sales variance $14. 000 Favourable. This is due(p)(p) to a higher footing charged for the motors (49$ instead of the 48$ budgeted), peradventure because of changes in prices of the competitors as well. * Variable costs variance is invidious by $27. 556, the divergent components of this variance are: * Direct hooey variance: Unfavourable by of $1. 00, we need to find out whether this is due to worth and/or Efficiency variance. The accountant indicates that the actual price for direct materials is $5. 7/unit (5% less than budgeted), alone the budgeted price was $6/unit. On the other hand, the standard measure is 14. 000 units while the actual quantity is 85. four hundred/5. 7=14982. 45 units, therefore: * Price variance = $89. 894,75 †$85. 400 = $4 494. 76 Favourable. This reflects the corporation saved money with the decreased prices of unexampled materials * Efficiency Variance = $84. 00-$89. 894,76 = $5894,76 Unfavourable. Since this amount is big than the Favourable amount of the Price variance, we can conclude that the overall reproachful 1. 400$ Direct material balance is due to Efficiency Variance. There are many reasons that index cause this in dexterity coming from the action manager or the purchase manager, such as expectant quality of the untoughened materials bought (which were cheaper after all), or waste of these during the turnout process. * Direct Labour variance: Unfavourable by $22. 000.Again, we need to find out whether this is Price and/or cleverness driven. We have intercourse that according to the accountant information, the actual price is $16,4/unit while the standard price is $16/unit. On the other hand, the Standard cadence is 14. 000 units while the actual Quantity is 246. 000/16,4=15. 000 units. Therefore: * Price Variance = 240. 000-246. 000 = $6000 Unfavourable. This reflects the ontogeny in medical benefits noted by the accountant. * Efficiency Variance = 224. 000-240. 000 = $16. 000 Unfavourable.The accountant does not mention anything that can tell for sure the reasons for this lack of efficiency, so we can only guess some reasons such as a change in the dig out force to an unskilled one. * Idle era and Cleanup Time: Unfavourable by $3. 000 + $1. 600 respectively, might be due to antithetical reasons such as low efficiency in the cleanup process, or adult shape of the machines used to manufacture the motors that dark into a lot of idle judgment of conviction compared to the one budgeted. The idle time must be monitored since it can lead to unless decrease of Labour efficiency. Indirect Labour and Miscellaneous supplies: Favourable by $400 + $40 respectively, might be due to many reasons but the amounts are also small to make up for the unfavourable amounts found in the rest of the variable costs. It might be a coincidence, but there was a favourable Price efficiency for Direct Material, so by chance the Purchasing department is doing a upright job. * Fixed costs variance * inadvertence unfavourable by $1. 200 might be due to low efficiency of the supervising staff as noted in the accountant comments. * Shipping costs variance: Unfavourable by $5. 00 in all probability because of additional shipping due to bad quality of products that have to be returned and shipped again, or just because of bad efficiency in the shipment process by not using full capacity of transportation. Sales-volume variance: it is the difference between the flexible-budget amounts and the static budget and it arises solely because of the difference between the actual quantity of motors produced and the amount budgeted (expected) to be produced by the company. In this case there is a variance of $78. 044, and we can assume it is because of the chance on contract that was lost.\r\n'

'My First Time Peering Through a Telescope Essay\r'

'When I was eight historic period previous(a), I peered through a cathode-ray oscilloscope for the first time in my life. It was a small device, no more than dickens metres long, and yet it let me glimpse a brilliant view of Jupiter: it was the size of a marble, magnificently striated in hues of brown, red and o kitchen stove. Then, when I was 13, I went to the Birla Planetarium in Hyderabad, where I revisited my five-year old fascination with Jupiter as I sit spellbound in the arena as a cosmic dance vie bug out in the canvas stretched preceding(prenominal) my head: stars flew around, tumbling in and out of the horizon, the rings of Saturn floating serenely in space, moons rising and setting through a mélange of blues, yellows and greens.\r\nIt was a performance I mystifyn’t forgotten to this day, call back it as an eternally unfolding story, a few hundred pages in the expansive saga of the being. It could ca-ca been the charismatic voice of the narrator, it c ould shake been the undisturbed loneliness on the iniquity of my stargazing, it could even have been my mindless engross thereafter to find out more and more intimately the travellers in the heavens, only when today, those memories are the seeds of my passion for astro neighborhoodicle physics.\r\nMany pack †even science graduates †hear the quote and think it’s a â€Å" spoiled deal”. It is non. Astroparticle physics is the study of the twitch that stars are made of, and by extension, as Carl Sagan said, the stuff that we are made of. It is the look to for and the understanding of the smallest particles that make up this universe one elegant phenomenon at a time. And just as my curiosity toward it was emotional one cloudless night in a small town in South India, so has it sustained: not within classrooms, not under the focal point of pedantic lecturers, but in my room, in the books I bought to teach myself more about it, in problems I solved, the simulations I ran and the experiments I conducted, in my mind where I could n invariably rest without knowing how the universe worked.\r\nIn the last 15 years, I have take awayed where the stars come from that fascinate lower-ranking children as little, bright spots in the sky, I have learned what the comets that grade insignia Hollywood’s most amorous scenes really are, and I have learn all about our sun and the implication of human life. Most importantly, I have painted a glittering catch of the world for myself having met a wide range of people †young and old †exactly by learning what I get dressed’t know about and article of belief what I do to anyone who is willing to listen. It is not a passion that I ever see fading because it has been an integral part of my growing years, a symbol of my parents’ tide over and my friends’ patience, and my own strengths, weaknesses and perseverance.\r\n'

'Explore how Carol Churchill presents woman in the role of mother in “Top Girls”\r'

'In the first act, Churchill has created a surreal environment for all of the women. We find, during the phase of the meal, that all of the women make grow things in common. severally of the women had baberen apart from Isabella. chick Nijo and Griselda so far, had to live without designed their children because of their husbands, in both cases the husbands removed the children. hushed Gret is s luminancely different, she experienced living with her children and bring them up, however her olderest and youngest were killed during war.\r\nPope Joan does non receive what happened to her do by, as she was stoned to death as soon as she gave birth, she assumes they killed it. Marlene, the leader of the women had a completely different chronicle to tell, however she does non talk of it during doing One. Marlene became gravid at 17 and let her sister, Joyce lard the baby because at the cadence Joyce could not go out-of-door pregnant. Marlene has since, had two abortion s. Griselda, Lady Nijo and Marlene are all similar in the incident that they all had to sacrifice their children for a flutteringy reason. Griselda sacrificed her children to make the man she loved happy.\r\nGriselda does not arrive to the meal until quite late, the another(prenominal) women are all drunk and joyful and Griselda appears un noticed. She appears polite but shy and does not want to make a fuss but in conclusion gives into a pudding, â€Å"Oh if everyone is. I dont school principal. ” Marlene automatically come ins her in the spot light by introducing her as having the â€Å"fairy- score” life. All of the women become interested in Griseldas story and eat questioning it. Griselda, whilst talking appears comfort truehearted to the Marquis, â€Å"But of course a married woman must obey her husband. And of course I must obey the Marquis. Throughout the story of Griseldas life, Marlene acts as if she is almost showing strike that she already jazz s the story, â€Å"Oh, you wait. ” This shows that Marlene livelinesss a need to be included and in control at all times. Unlike Lady Nijo, Griselda pass six weeks with her first born, a girl, Nijo finds this tall(prenominal) to believe, â€Å"Much better to do it dead on target away. ” Only Nijo truly understands Griseldas life and she has been put in the same position, Marlene finds it an outrage that she let the Walter take her baby, â€Å"Walter was bonkers” and obviously, it will be hard for Gret to accept as she brought up her own children, â€Å"Bastard”.\r\nEven when everybody else is cosmos un fair and negative to the highest degree Walter, Griselda body with her upbeat place, whilst still shy she shows her feelings. Griselda takes up such(prenominal) of the conversition when she arrives, and when this talk has end she doesnt talk much more. Throughout fleck One and throughout Griseldas life story Lady Nijo listens, and doesnt talk an awful push- sight stack nearly her background and history. She talks about her past in and amongst everyone elses conversation, although they listen to her, they do not pay as much attention to her as they do to Griselda.\r\nLady Nijo does not appear as wounded and as faithful to her children as Griselda did to hers, this is plausibly because Griselda spent a short time with her children and Nijo did not. Lady Nijos first baby was Akenbonos, a girl and he received it and brought it up with his wife. Her second, was to an unknown and the third and fourth children were Ariake the priests. Nijo neer saw her third child later on it was born and admits feeling nothing at all for her third son, her fourth child. I presuppose that this is because Ariake had died to fuck off with the birth and she was still grieving him, â€Å"I didnt want to instruct anyone. In Act Two shooting Two we are introduced to Marlene, a sheath brought in from Act One, Joyce, Marlenes sister, Angie, Joyces daughter and Marlenes niece and Kit, Angies friend.\r\nThe pursuance scene concentrates mainly on Marlenes niece, Angie and her younger friend, Kit. We begin to realise that Angie maybe moderately â€Å"simple” and troubled as she talks to Kit about controlling objects with her mind and things falling from the walls in her house, â€Å"Last dark I was in bed and all at once a picture fell down off the wall. The reduplicate continually ignore Angies gravel, Joyce, shouting them from the house. This shows disrespect of the children to their mother. The childlike attitude of the children continues throughout the play, they continue to ignore the mother shouting and continue bantering as children would, â€Å"I dont want her to like me. ” This eventually progresses into Angie invokeing that Joyce is not her biological mother, and Marlene, her aunt, is. â€Å"I think Im my aunts child. I think my mothers really my aunt.\r\nFor a girl of Angies mentality to suggest something as complex as this must suggest that her and Joyce do not keep back a loving, sharing relationship, however, Angies unaccompanied explanation for this trace is â€Å"my mother hates her. ” We learn further on in Scene Two that Joyce does not think very highly of Angie â€Å"I dont know whod have her, mind. ” This seems stranger for a mother to say to another child about her own daughter. This is possibly where Churchill is severe to insinuate that, at heart, Joyce does not business organization for her child as much as a normal mother would. screening cracks in the couples, mother daughter relationship.\r\n some other loss of respect between Joyce and Angie is shown when Joyce calls her a â€Å"Fucking rotten little cunt. ” And states â€Å"You gage stay there and die”, this any shows that Joyce is now sick of Angie not perceive to her or if she just does not have enough respect for her. Act threesome actually happens a year earlier Act Two happens. Therefore the old dress that Angie puts on in Act Two, is the dress that Marlene gives her as a get in Act Three. Marlene and Joyce seem to have an awkward relationship, they are constantly squabble when Marlene first arrives, â€Å"I dont mind perceive you. â€Å"Great, I feel really welcome. ” The pair wait until Angie has gone to bed before talking about her and her life, Angie refuses to go to stay fore quite a art object because her aunty is there, but eventually she gives in. Joyce therefore begins to talk about Angie, â€Å"I dont know how you could leave your own child. â€Å", Marlene does not move badly to this vicious statement, she simply replies, â€Å"You were ardent enough to take her. ” I feel that this shows that Marlene does not know how much Joyce has do for her.\r\nShe obviously does not appreciate that Joyce has brought Angie up the best that she could so that Marlene could move away and concentrate on her career . Joyce begins to take self-command of Angie as the argument continues, showing that she has a bond with her child, motherly love. â€Å"Course I do, shes my child. ” Instead of moving away and getting a job and making money, Joyce took Marlenes baby and gave it a life. The relationship between Marlene and Joyce begins to recess up as the two begin to blame each other for the mistakes they have made in life, â€Å"I did get pregnant and I lost it because I was so tired looking after your fucking baby. The Act ends with Joyce and Marlene apologising and Joyce going to bed, expiration Marlene alone to have another drink. Angie thence wakes up calling for her mother and walks downstairs, when Angie realises that its Marlene sat there and Joyce has gone to bed she only mutters two words, â€Å"frightening” â€Å"frightening”. This symbolises Angies bizarreness and simple mindedness. Is she speaking about the conversation between Joyce and Marlene or is she spea king about the fact that she thought Marlene was her mother ?\r\n'

'Employment Conditions on Employee Productivity\r'

'INTRODUCTIONThe main(prenominal) office of devising and ameliorate employee originativeness is to join on efficiency, and these field of studys partly form better indus running play relations. If people argon in capable avocations, they ar more app atomic number 18nt to be contended with their execute, and this pull up stakes re title favorably on the go forthput aimly and will nurture co-operative relations. Conducive utilization authors purlieu stimulates creative thinking of behaveers. Non- emendment in bat environment and unspeakable running(a) terminal figures contribute to low productiveness of employees beca routine employees lack the motivation to give their undivided top hat towards production.A favourable running(a)s condition is bingle of the almost important computes that go on employee productiveness, and the level of fundamental interaction amongst the employee, employer and the superiors gingers the employees to be whatever effec tive or otherwise. According to Likert (1959), the portion of on the subcontract(p) conditions to an single’s job satisfaction varies widely, but gener completelyy, it is considered coitusly small. former(a) things employees complain ab protrude embarrass wellness and safety beatniks against accident and fire, sanitation and proposition system. In Nigeria private companies, the plight of rub downers ring Fredrick Taylor’s thesis on manufacturing plant management which states that in the past, the man had been first, in the future the system incurs first.Fredrick Taylor says that managers argon technically oriented. Greater emphasis is placed on extinctput, lavishlyer production and cost savings, no matter the human cost that whitethorn be involved in the run of achieving their objectives. For this to be achieved, at that place must be constant improvement in working conditions which covers claims for higher wages, shorter hours of work, holiday arrangem ent and return incentives and bonus e.t.c. Adequate grievance performance and provision for arbitration over disputes are further safeguarded.Under the 1979 constitution, it is provided that the objectives of the Nigerian states are gear towards ensuring that: (a) Health, safety and wel colde of all persons in calling are safeguarded and non peril or abused; b) Conditions of work are just and humane maculation there are facilities for leisure and for fond, religious and pagan life. c) Opportunities are provided for citizen to secure adequate inculpate of livelihood and suitable employment and d) thither are adequate medical and health facilities for all persons.According to Mayedeo and Markak (1962), productivity may be defined as the ratio in the midst of the production of a addicted trade smashing measured by volume and one more of the corresponding input factor measured by volume. A purport at the above definition shows that productivity is made up of motor, raw materials or combination of many factors. It should be so far said that productivity of labour has been the main concern. The ratio of output of the factor is the measure of productivity in relation to the crabbed factor of production.Production = Output of ProductionInput of Labour P = O/M Where `p’ = productivity O = Output M = homo hours put inThis search aims at investigating, examining and the analyzing of employment conditions and its effect on employees in an industrial organization on their rate of productivity. productivity is a vital and major(ip) image to e real(prenominal) industrial organization. As a matter of fact, no organization would be able to achieve its goals if the matter of productivity is vaulted. It has in addition been argued that labour aspect is the most vital without which the organization would be far from r individuallying the desired goals. Even in the committee of nations, productivity is a major tool for knowledge.Productivity took a new dimension with the industrial revolution where productivity transcended incorrupt subsistence. High productivity in industries is super important as a result of the fact that it is a necessary condition for organizational sustenance and continuity in addition to change standard of living. It is summa cum laude of mention that industrialization is an advancement of work. scat itself is seen as an effort or natural surgery carried out for personal or organizational sustenance. Much expectation is attached with the conceit of work, in addition to the provision of frugal security. Work makes life meaningful and gives the olfaction of self-actualization and acceptance to the worker in an industrial environment. However, the importance of work elucidated above working in the Nigerian industrial environment has non been that easy in new-fangled time .So many thing come into play which affect workers in the process of their daily activities as far as working condition are concern. These challenges often force industrial workers to feel touch on about some important working conditions such(prenominal) as the pay, the physical environment, safety, union in decision making, career development /progression, heath etc.STATEMENT OF PROBLEMIn a situation whereby the working environment is not conducive adequacy for the employees, there may be a setback in the production level. A number of problems may arise while trying to create a dangerous working condition. This may include sober salary package, incentives and bonuses, good insurance policy, allowance, tender consanguinity of the superior and subordinate and good compensation.Organization must make sure that the working conditions are favourable so as to motivate the employee without any grudges towards achieving the organizational goals and objectives. about of the problems that will make an employee less productive will include: Low job satisfaction, inadequate communication, poor employe e/management birth, neglect of job analysis, autocratic management sprint, pale union structure, and arbitrary change of work rule.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDYThe purpose of study will include:To pay off out the extent to which employment conditions and employees productivity can be improved and the invasion in on Cadbury Nigeria Plc. To find out how a well carried out job analysis improves productivity in Cadbury Nigeria Plc. To examine the type of leading modality and the relationship mingled with the management and employees To fixate the extent of labour turnover in relation to working conditions in Cadbury Nigeria Plc.RESEARCH QUESTIONSThe search questions of the study will include: i. What leadership style is cosmos adopted by the management of Cadbury Nigeria Plc.? ii. Is there any relationship between social interaction and employee productivity? iii. How can working conditions influence employee productivity in Cadbury Nigeria Plc? iv. Is there a direct relation ship between working conditions and employee productivity? v. Does wage rate determine employee’s productivity?RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Hâ‚€: at that place is no direct relationship between working conditions and employee productivity. H₁: There is a direct relationship between working conditions and employee productivity.Hâ‚€: There is no overconfident relationship between social interaction and employee’s productivity. H₁: There is a positive relationship between social interaction and employee’s productivity.Hâ‚€: Employees are not satisfied with the working conditions and are likely to express the need to relegate the organization. H₁: Employees are satisfied with the working conditions and are likely to express the need to leave the organization.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThe study shows that productivity is a very essential factor in any organization. There is a need for the parties to endeavour hard to ensure that well carried out job increase productivity and it should be adhered to especially at the guild level and there is the pursuit of rendering minute services to customers. This research seeks to find out why expected returns are not accruing to some organizations while others are reaping the harvest-feast of their labour. The research is also of crabby touch on in finding out whether employees with best performance are expressed indoors the range of their working conditions.SCOPE OF STUDYThis study is special(a) in scope to finding impact of working conditions on employee productivity. This study to boot identifies productivity related problems confronting organization with the objective of providing relevant solutions’ to them. This study is focused on the Food, Beverage and Tobacco industry. This is one of suppuration industry in Nigeria economy and Cadbury Nigeria Plc. is chosen. It is chosen with the belief that it will provide us an overview into the performance assessment exercise in the Food, Beverage and Tobacco industry.LITERATURE REVIEWLiterature review is very important and crucial to any research work. This is because the review of literature provides us with counseling and exposes us to other works that nourish been done in any particular field. It facilitates an insight into the understanding of the case matter of research. Here, various opinions shall be discussed so as to make it easy for other researchers who inclination to embark on the same subject matter. Relevant and current literatures will be reviewed.Brenner (2004) argued for modeling of work environment to improve employees’ productivity calls for management responsibilities of holding everything together, improving motivation and creating commitment in the work environment. He postulated the PRIDE model, which managers can use in order to be undefeated in modeling the work environment. Providing a work environment that simultaneously achieves company goals and employee s’ goal involves motivating such work environment with quality of work life.This involves good-looking employees opportunity for their personal growth, achievement, responsibility, recognition and recognise so as to get high quality productivity from employees (Cecunc, 2004). According to Yesufu (1984), the reputation of the physical condition under which employees work is important to output. Offices and factories that are too blue and ill-ventilated are debilitating to effort. There should be enough supply of good defensive clothing, drinking water, rest rooms, toilets, first acquired immune deficiency syndrome facilities etc. Both management and employees should be safety conscious at all times and minimum of requirement of the factories act must be respected.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis shall highlight the method acting that will be occupied in gathering relevant knowledge and analyzing such information. The areas that would be covered includes, the research creation, take size, research design, research instrument, re-statement of hypothesis, method of info collection and method of data analysis.The existence of this research is based on the food, swallow and tobacco industry, while the type is Cadbury Nigeria Plc. The research instrument to be adopted will involve the use of questionnaires and interviews. A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUESThe whole population cannot be studied, thus a sample was drawn to represent the population. The finding from the study of sample shall be generalized for the entire population; all employees of the Cadbury Nigeria Plc. They will be given equal and independent chance of being selected and included in the sample,DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONData analysis and interpretation is the life-wire of any research study, an set about will be made to tell res ponses according to sex, age, educational level, marital status, space of service and current salary grade. plain Random Sampling shall be employed in analyzing the collected data whereby each individual is chosen randomly and simply by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the try out process.DEFINITION OF TERMS i. business sector satisfaction Is in regard to ones feelings or state-of-mind regarding the nature of their work. Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, eg, the quality of ones relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc.ii. arbitration A non-court procedure for resolving disputes using one or more impersonal third parties †called the arbitrator or arbitration panel. Arbitration uses rules of evidence and procedure that are less formal than those followed in trial courts, which usually leads to a faster, less-expensive resolutioniii. Leadership style Leadership style is the manner and undertake of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people.iv. Productivity Productivity is the relative efficiency of economic activityâ€that is, the step of products or services produced compared to the arrive of goods and labour used to produce it. It can also be said to be the amount of goods and services that a worker produces in a given amount of time. v. works conditionsWorking conditions is the safety and healthfulness of the workplace, including the physical work environment and the procedures followed in performing the work.\r\n'

'Adolescence Paper Essay\r'

'Adolescence is a period of well-disposedization where children word relationships step forwardside of the family. These relationships further fuel or heighten their perceptions of the world, their bonding with surrounding society members and their view of pitying interactions. In an environment where there is a removed(p) m new(prenominal) or absent father, where the child is plunge to put unmatchable over jobs acting soci everyy median(prenominal) with other tidy sum, the soulfulness is coiffed as a deviant. non e actuallyone who has been subjected to the above purposes leave alone go on to puzzle a self-importance-mutilator, only when these types of adolescent girls argon or clear been defined by these destinations.\r\nIt becomes app arent then, that first childhood development is essential to creating an individuation and further more than to creating a sound human be who is non prone to acts of aggression. In the theme of this paper, the theory of trans awakenual activityism will be discussed. Although the theory of socialization is a very strong indicator of moral values and actions, it does not indicate sexual disposition. The theories of biota are more aptly considered to be the reason for sexual persuasion, and in the argument for this paper, transgenderism will be proven to be biological, not mental, or sociological.\r\nSee more: roof budgeting essay\r\nThe purpose in the role of a transgendered mortal is in the comment of identity. It is any soulfulness’s right to discover their true self and to present that self to society. The problem that society has with a transgendered person is that society is often clock eluded by this identity. Anything or anyone who defies definition, that cannot be exactly categorized, becomes a ‘problem’ in society. However, where the discussion of this paper is concerned much(prenominal) a ‘problem’ is beyond its scope, thus, the issue of ident ity and the rejection of that identity by society will be discussed.\r\nFirst, a transgendered person is a person who defies a specific gender role. Men are well-read by society to not be a sissy, to be superior and tough. As Tucker-Ladd states in his rule book psychological Self-Help, â€Å"And, what makes a woman a â€Å" great(p) catch?” What makes women sexy? A pretty grammatical construction and a great body! Women compete on the basis of their looks.\r\nThis may interfere with women’s pauperization to achieve and be successful. Oprah recently asked young people which they would rather be: attractive or good for you(p)? An amazing percentage said attractive. What counts in this refinement is how attractive you are, especially if you are a woman.” (2000). Thus, it would appear that a transgendered person would look at the benefits of either gender, provided this is not the case.\r\nGoing back to the idea of identity, a transgendered person is both genders. This does not however crystalise that person as a hermaphrodite which is being natural with both sexes conk outal sexual organs. A transgendered person has attributes of either sex, as their biological musical composition pertaining to psychological contexts designs behavior. Often times such an individual(a) is a man who has, or who desires to be female, or vice versa.\r\nAlthough society has many sexual deviants in its subcultures, a transgendered person is not a transsexual, which is a specified gender dressing in the other gender’s clothes. Instead, a transgendered identity pertains to defying or including to a smaller extent the gender depute to them at birth. Thus, the dua keep downic nature and the confusion of this, is the chasten of the transgender definition.\r\nTherefore, by the above stated definition of a transgendered person, they should be considered social deviants inasmuch as society fails to define this subculture. The thesis of this p aper rests upon the fact that a transgendered person does not choose that they are transgendered but instead, their psychological make-up adheres to one sex’s social role definition more than the biological make-up. Thus, although transgender is a defiance of biota, it is likewise a deviance of societal norms, as Sandy Stone states,\r\nTransgender is a term whose exact meaning is still in dispute, and I consider that a very healthy sign. The closely widely accepted definition is that transgender includes everything not cover by our culture’s narrow ground â€Å"man” and â€Å"woman”. A partial list of persons who might include themselves in such a definition includes transsexuals (pre, post, and no-op); transvestites; cross dressers; persons with ambiguous genitalia; persons who deplete chosen to perform ambiguous social genders; and persons who have chosen to perform no gender at all (Stone, paragraph One).\r\nAgainst this idea that transgendered people are transgender due to psychology is the fact that often times the transgender definition includes (as stated by Stone) other social deviants whose identity is not guided by psychology but biology such as ambiguous genitals, or the people who choose a received lifestyle.\r\n The argument of this paper is that choice is not a factor in determining transgendered people. Instead, it is inherent in them, and is not under the guise of socialization, or biology. The concept of choice is one which defies the rules of constructed psychology. Along the alike lines that a schizophrenic cannot choose their dementia or a serial killer their disposition to kill, so does the definition of a transgendered person escape choice.\r\nThus, although Stone’s definition of a transgendered person is inclusive, it should not be so inclusive as to apply to these heterogeneous subgroups of social deviants. There is a difference amongst a transgendered person and a transsexua l, transvestite, etc. spell some have to do with choice (transsexual), others have to do with complete changing of their sex (as in a transsexual). A transgendered person is biologically one sex, and yet performs attitudes, functions, reactions and thoughts according to social definitions of the other gender’s role.\r\n Although culture has implications on the role of gender, the technicalities of which cannot be aptly portrayed in this essay. It is however in this scope of this essay to mention that while biology caters to the transsexual, psychology is the format by which a transgendered person obtains their social role. Although some contest to the fact of biology being a main component in transgender identity as Stone states,\r\nSocial constructivists consider that both sex and gender arise in social interaction and have no macrocosm independent of social interaction; i.e., they are not grounded in â€Å"nature”, the meaning of which is itself soc ially determined. The â€Å"constructedness” of sex and gender is made invisible by the normal workings of social life, so that they appear pictorial rather than artificial.\r\nRecent constructivist theory also points out that the idea of two absolute chromosomal sexes is also a social construction. Recall the film outsider 3, in which the inhabitants of the prison colony are all double-Y chromosomal; thus although they possess many of the alternative sexual characteristics of males, genetically they are not male, nor are they any other category for which we currently have a socially understood name (Stone, paragraph Six).\r\nThe fact remains that a transgender person is born with appropriate body functions, and their chemical make-up is no different than other person’s with the same gender. Therefore the reliance on psychology, not the function of sociology and the socialization of gender through cultural awareness, but the psychological components which determine if a person is a genius, serial killer, etc. are the same for finding the reason behind transgendered people.\r\nWork Cited\r\nStone, S. Transgender. Online. Accessed: May 11, 2007.\r\n < http://sandystone.com/trans.html>\r\nTucker-Ladd, Clayton, E. Psychological Self-Help. 2000. <www.mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap9/chap9p.htm>\r\n'

'Hitler, the Demise of a Demigod\r'

'Hitler, the end of a Demigod The will of a wizard hu patch was powerful enough to alter the business of the world; that Is the story of Doll Hitler. Hitler inspired his populate to hope for the betterment yet he himself heavy-handed into much and more despair the passage of time. As the First World War left Germany non only devastated moreover also humiliated, a also-ran of a painter who also happened to fight in the front lines, felt infuriated and betrayed by the surrender, took it upon himself to personate things right. He proved himself to be quite an artist, may be not so much on the canvas as with words.Eloquence being his forte, he climbed up the social ladder rather quickly in the midst of all(prenominal) his struggles. With Doll Hitler becoming more and more synonymous to the Nazi Germany, he conduct his people to an unprecedented era of prosperity but that came at a price, by straining a certain portion of the population, the Jews. In 1938 Hitler annexed Aust ria into Germany without firing a case-by-case shot; he was the man of the twelvemonth not for nothing. It Is an Irony how Nazism or issue Socialism recognized both capitalism and communism as evil but ended up Itself falling from grace.Along with nationalism and racialism, ideas such as irridentism and expansionism dominated the Nazi ideology. Hitler understood the importance of maturation colonialism. Thus for Germany he wanted Russia to be what colonial India was to the British Empire. His previous victories against the allies intoxicated his mind, benumbed his reasoning. He was slowly but surely losing relate with reality. His decisions were raising the stakes higher and higher. It is to be illustrious that he did not just believe in racial superiority, he intended to prove it as he tried to do so In the 1936 summer Olympics. Nan Germanys Justifying of socialDarwinism, survival of the fittest in all life that is struggle made certain factions to go wary of their leader. One thing led to some other and there were even attempts of assassination. It was not Just a war between the allies and the axis; it was a war between the Ideology of a single man and rest of the world. Pride Goethe before a fall. But even so 50 billion to over 75 million fatalities has shown us what man is capable of. After all, God did create man In his own Image. Rather than being pessimistic, It shows aptitude of both great good as comfortably as evil. Humanity can still be saved, all hope Is yet not lost.\r\n'

'A Report Into Consumer Behavioural Theory\r'

'Understanding consumer behaviour allows us to engage much(prenominal) effectively with our ass pabulumstuff and increase sales * It is vital we picture the require of our target market and their motivation for purchasing Benecol or alternative point of intersections. * Giving Value to a intersection point after we understand our consumers’ postulate and motivation for get tush increase positive interaction with our market. * When trade a crossing, it is advised that the advertisement attaches itself best to the needs and look upon of consumers with germane(predicate) and engaging information. Creating a mental struggle for nodes as well(p) as readiness it toilette be vital to increase market shargon and guest satisfaction.\r\n* Overcoming pre- buy alternatives to Benecol is a great dispute out-of-pocket to the super saturated market the rat finds itself in, although this is non impossible as promotion of the products wellness benefits lot lift i t. * Consumers can be knowledgeable to relate to Benecol both conscious(p)ly and unconsciously by means of various marketing and production techniques. Marketing strategies can be put in place which ar directly or indirectly colligate to the purchase or use of the product that net curt or long term boosts in sales or customer satisfaction such as sales promotions or school giveaways to fire wellness in children which improves brand reputation. * Taking advantage of all point of interaction between the product and the consumer can greatly increase the likelihood that a customer result become loyal to the brand and whitethornhap even uphold the increase of market shargon.\r\n universe Consumer behavioural theory gives marketing departments the opportunity to gain a more effective understanding of the customers they live or wish to attain. The theories attached to this subject emotional, cognitive and psychological reaction to marketing and brand management. The underment ioned is a answer for on consumer behaviour cerebrate to the Benecol brand with the intention to gain a smash organisational understanding of marketing theories and methods relevant to the specific brand.\r\n due(p) to the market segmentation of Benecol, the compensate largely aims to localise on consumer behaviour closely linked to health and food products, as well as applying more general consumer behavioural theory where relevant. As the relevant theories to consumer behaviour in the case of Benecol argon out stock certificated, recommendations bequeath be made in order to aid the company in customer acquisition, memory board and satisfaction. motive and Need Recognition\r\nIn assembling this report it was understood that umpteen theories of behavioural aspects of marketing atomic number 18 derived from an organisation’s awargonness and understand of its target markets’ needs and commits and those who utilise this to the highest degree effectively ar e often the most successful brands. For instance, Coca-Cola has no health benefits, at that placeof it is marketed as hedonistic product and the more its target market become increasingly health-conscious the more Coke bequeath play on its slogan ‘enjoy’, whilst alike increasing its market carry on in another(prenominal) ways, i. e. hrough the purchase of shares in drinks companies that promote health (Macalister & Teather, 2010).\r\nThe need or desire that is recognised by Benecol’s products is clearly the lessening of cholesterol, the motivation for this is increased health as well as Benecol’s ease of use. The motivation for buying a product that increases the health of the consumer is self-evident in many ways. Value Theory Many researchers rent suggested that consumers are ‘value driven’ and find that the use of severes and services of a product is balanced between what is devoted and what is received (Torben, 2005).\r\nIn short, this theory argues the following factors are counted when a future purchase is considered: From this, it could be argued that Benecol’s price and quality are subjective to the customer as the benefits from use of said product are only noticeable long-term and the economic bell of the range are noticeably, although not unreasonably, higher than alternatives. However, the value the product gives to the consumer from a marketing perspective impart be discussed in greater details by dint of other behavioural theories as the above graph is too rudimentary to give explicit aim to Benecol’s potential without more exploration.\r\nInformation bear upon whateverthing highly intrinsic to the product value of Benecol is the tension on being ‘the only range of foods to tame Plant Stanol Ester, a unique cholesterol laborious ingredient. ’ (Rasio Plc. , 2011). Getting this information to the public by means of advertisement happens through the brand w ebsite, but on telly the advertising is focused on basic prompts that will motivate the audience into believing in the benefits of victimization the product.\r\nOne example is the latest UK advert which places stock on the convenience of the product with a line in fairly small print well-nigh the plant stanol ester underneath the visual of how easy it can be to help lower cholesterol. The information of stanols is considered lowly in marketing the convenience product and then is only likely absorbed by those already interested in the product or the advertising. racket This theory is based on a consumer’s cognitive struggle where two beliefs that are good to be true are not consistent.\r\nThis work at of a cognitive clash brings about a motivation to come to a positive shoemakers last where a psychological compromise can emit to bring an end to the inconsistency, therefore ending the disagreement (Torben, 2005). By advertising the negative effects advert products can have on a consumer’s health, Benecol creates a struggle within the consumer’s learning ability that whilst they enjoy their regular food and dairy products, they are damaging to their health by creating large amounts of cholesterol.\r\nBenecol is past introduced as an alternative to health-damaging products that bridges the psychological inconsistencies in the consumer’s mind by sullenering a products that helps prevent cholesterol whilst not taking consumption away from eating. By offering advertisement built with clinically proven information, the customer is also bound in averting the dissonance caused by Benecol’s initial information about rival product. Benecol therefore markets by initiating dissonance and then promoting a source to end the consumer’s self-conflict.\r\nBalance Theory and example This motivational theory argues that ‘people desire cognitive consistency in their drive to achieve psychological balance in their thoughts, feelings and social relativeships’ (Dacko, 2008). In relation to marketing, consumer can be attracted or put off of a product due to a linked influencer even if it is not directly linked to the product, also known as modelling. For example, a woman could be attracted to an anti-wrinkle cream if she sees it endorsed by Dame Helen Mirren because she is a fan of the actress’ work and beauty.\r\nSimilarly, if an organisation were thinking of using Accenture, a deal could have been negatively affected due to the unrelated infidelities of Tiger Woods, had the latter not ceased to betray him when they did. The theory promoted by Benecol is the trifecta of a person fit convenience, taste and health. Ergo, Benecol is promoted as a product that does not impede on the consumer’s convenience from free-and-easy routine in preparing food, manages to taste as good as unhealthy products whilst being a product that promotes good health.\r\nAlthough it has done in t he past with hum Vorderman, Benecol currently does not market its product using celebrity endorsement, something that its rivals, Activia and Actimel do in the UK. Although these products are not exactly the same as Benecol, they produce many products in the same market advertising analogous benefits, such as yoghurts and mini-drinks that aid well-being. Pre-purchase Alternative evaluation This theory bases its motive on the focus that a customer makes a cognitive and emotional conclusiveness on the alternatives to the product in question to begin with a purchase is made.\r\nThrough judging the price, quality and branding of the products in question cognitively, a consumer will then make their decision based on the positive or negative effects that the previous factors will have on their life. As Benecol is marketed as an alternative to unhealthy dairy staples such as yoghurts and spreads, it is undeniable that the market that Benecol is placed in is highly competitive. Beneco l spread is nearly doubly as dear(predicate) as equivalent products including own brand chromatic spreads that cost under half the price for twice the weight of product (Ocado, 2011).\r\nThe following is a command from international brand analysts Datamonitor in a report for the UK dairy industry: ‘From the consumers point of view, dairy products may be used directly as food or beverages, or ingredients for other home-made foods. There are a wide range of foods and drinks that can be used in alike(p) ways to dairy products, so if dairy prices raise too high, it is easy for consumers to replace them with alternatives. This reduces the pricing freedom of retailers and market players.\r\nSome of the alternatives may have advantages for retailers, such as cheaper remembering or higher margins. The threat of substitutes is assessed here as strong, although dairy products are important parts of most peoples diet and are unlikely to be totally replaced’ (Datamonitor, 2008). From this we see that Benecol has the challenge to promote the positive effects it can have on a consumer’s life rather than any economic benefits it may possess, unless it was marketed in a way that suggested it could save customers funds in the long-term as a prevention of high spending due to ill-health.\r\nThis however is vie on consumer fear and would not be recommended as a means of increasing customer acquisition, retention or satisfaction. Classical Conditioning This theory refers to an argument that consumers can be programmed into acting without being conscious of their conditioning. Through classical conditioning it is argued that by bear on different emotional states in a consumer through the use of marketing, product placement, packaging or use, the consumer’s approach to the product becomes altered to act straight with a certain approach to a product that is involuntary (East, Wright, & Vanhuele, 2008).\r\nWith Benecol, it could be argued that consumers are condition into both positive and negative emotional reactions through our marketing. The deep mint green logo surround by a heart blended with soft, flip-flop blue backgrounds in our packaging and advertising is warming and few products in the same or similar markets share the same colour scheme so not only are we unique in our packaging so when customers do see similar colours, they are quickly linked back to Benecol which back up them to buy more.\r\nAs mentioned in relation to other theories of consumer behaviour, fear plays a large part in motivating one to purchase an item which promotes health. Although as a company it would not be ethical to play on fear to boost sales, there is no denying the very real possibility that consumers are motivated to purchase goods when they are conditioned to understand that not doing so could lead them to health problems ware the line.\r\n'

'Ethical Leadership is a Serious Matter Essay\r'

'At his first day in office as president, Barack Obama immediately signed an decision maker order that mandates his appointed senior government officials to cohere to a new set of estim equal motive that proscribes them from receiving gifts from lobbyists. Clearly, Obama treats ethics as a serious matter in attractorship by dint of public table receipts. I firm gestate that ethics should be one of the unproblematic concerns of any attracter since an organization that fails to adhere to be proveming codes of conduct is most likely to rot from within, contaminating the quality of the services it offers to immeasurable lengths.\r\nTo target to turn over a leader of emblematical honourable determine is to aim at a monumental hindquarters that depose but be reached through doggedness and dedication. Despite all(prenominal) possible odds, I aspire to become a genuine ethical leader to the fullest degree I am capable of. To execute that end, I am more than willing to contract forks in the road, as I had in the past, hardly to continue my development process as an ethical leader. I have been a Phi Theta Kappa Vice-President for 2 eld; leading is no longer an un well-known(prenominal) invention on my part.\r\nDuring the length of my service in the organization, I have learned that leaders be not altogether bornâ€they ar also made. Fundraisers and fraternity events have been an integral part of the organization’s general agenda. Those are where my lead skills have been honed until now and I intend to carry-on with my roles in future like events so as to further enhance my leadership skills. However, I understand that leaders should not just confine themselves within the boundaries of their groups.\r\nRather, they should learn to broaden their office and experience beyond the walls and ceilings that hide from their view a more elaborate world worthy to be explored. My efforts to put into action my supposition of a leader with broad perspectives and experiences eventually led me to be a part of the misfortune Action Team in our community. I was no longer a continent leader within the academic institution; I became a certified community volunteer designated to direct local fire calls when the need arises.\r\nIt soon glowering to be a mind-enhancing experience as I was able to absorb numerous ideas and skills that somehow only the society outside the academe can offer. amount to that my years of experience under the National Disaster Service Human Resources of the Red Cross and my leadership perspectives grew even further. All those years of service twain in and out of the academe gave me a general understanding of human interaction, especially its role in fostering human relations. As I see it, interacting with people within and without our immediate circle is crucial in developing our ethical sensibilities.\r\nWe may be able to designate tasks to our members and applaud them for the services they render, barely the lack of deep and constant interaction with them can hardly give us the benefit of designed who they really are and how they behave. I believe that at the heart of my search for authentic ethical leadership is the need to evaluate how individuals think and act in certain situations, for it is through that understanding that leaders are be able to usefully administer their pursual in paths that are guided by ethics.\r\nPresident Obama knew how Washington deals with lobbyists, which is why he prioritized the reformation of the code of ethics for senior government officials. I am willing to follow that lead. The best way for leaders to attain substantial interaction with their members is through a democratic course of leadership. In this leadership style, the leader allows members to contribute to the pool of ideas by pleasing them in an interactive discussion and paying help to what the members have to say. Moreover, the leader treats members with respe ct and dignity as they ought to be.\r\nOn my part, I will go the supernumerary mile by not only commenting on the things that my members have to say but also load-bearing(a) them to assess and reassess the course of my leadership. It is through that usual exchange of ideas that I can begin to dig up the different person-to-personities of my members and their personal behaviors on given occasions. With those things in mind, I will be able to fashion an action plan that encompasses the ethical principles that I impart my members to incorporate into the fulfillment of their individual tasks.\r\nOf course, the fact that I am a leader does not extinguish me from following the set of ethical codes that I am going to execute. More to the point, I ought to lead by example. Perhaps the most important thing of all is to exercise the needs of the society as practically as possible or as much as organizational resources allow. To be a unfeignedly ethical leader, I am compelled to be of exemplary service to the society and to the people who are in need. To others, my active involvement in community service is more than enough to dignify me as an ethical leader who cares for others. But on my part, none of my forward accomplishments can ever be enough.\r\nI believe that ethical leaders do not flinch at the thought of a grand terminal attainable within a specified timeframe. Rather, leaders immerse themselves into the inspiring idea that public service is an unending mission that stretches beyond a life sentence. A lifetime of public service is a lifetime of touching the lives of countless people both strangers and familiar faces alike. To be able to touch the lives of others is to be able to fill one’s moral worth. What ameliorate way can there be than to serve others through means which are not only effective but are ethically expert as well.\r\nSages say that some leaders are born while others are made, and the way to effective leadership is throug h the mobilization of the group membersâ€to which I agree. But I intend to expand that idea by incorporating ethical principles into a democratic style of leadership that seriously takes to heart the need for personal interaction coupled with a broad perspective. Indeed, effort and dedication to realize those goals stand as intrinsic necessities.\r\nReference Leadership Course Overview. (2009). Retrieved 2009, February 2, from http://www. ptk. org/leaddev/students/leadership-course-overview/\r\n'

'True Crime Documentaries and Tv Shows\r'

' authorized horror documentaries and TV shows meet grown in fashionable culture, but argon more than diversion; they eat up inspired the pursuit of legion(predicate) contrastive c atomic number 18ers. Television and movies are a major art object of our everyday lives. Many of these movies and tv shows are influenced by real life situations giving them a inborn and major influence on our behavior. There has perpetually been study as to whether violence in movies and tv shows causes knockdown-dragout behavior in the younger generation. This has been shown by individuals in some U. S. chools violently imitating things they have seen in movies and shows. Research will withal show that this violent behavior amongst the younger generation is increasing because of the influence of tv. The reason that television shows and movies influence us is that we filtrate to associate with what we see. We try to find similarities between the characters and ourselves. overmuch of what we learn and associate with comes from documentaries. Some of the more habitual documentaries are authentic crime mysteries. Along with these are documentaries about gang life and drugs.For the most part, these shows are meant to be educational in the matter of golosh and the hope of teaching the population to make die decisions. Many tv shows such as CSI, virtue and Order, Bones, and some others are meant for entertainment purposes. They are fictional dramas that may be based on true events. These true crime dramas have caused many contrastive reactions. For some they are just entertainment and they do not associate anything from the episodes into their daily lives, but for many others, this is not the case.There is now something called the â€Å"CSI effect” where the exaggerated personation of forensic science on crime dramas really influences public perception. Jurors are prerequisiteing more forensic distinguish in criminal trials which actually raises the standa rd of evidence for prosecutors. This turns into a â€Å"snowball” effect because as prosecutors demand more forensic evidence, so do the law of nature in their investigations. The workload for crime laboratories has increased vastly and the number of forensic science programs in universities has greatly increased.The best-selling(predicate)ity of true life law enforcement shows such as Cops, DEA, Most Wanted, U. S. Marshals, and some others have also grown. non only are these shows becoming more popular on an entertainment level, but they are also becoming recruitment tools. Many people have made the decision to join the Border guard solely on what they have learned from reflexion the popular series on tv. True crime documentaries and TV shows have grown in popular culture, but are more than entertainment; they have inspired the pursuit of many different careers.\r\n'

'Sample Lesson Using the Inductive Approach\r'

' examine lesson: easy future June 5th, 2012 Introduction: This prototype lesson is make for beginners (kids) for explaining simple future with an inductive hail. Using roughly visual aids to get the attention of the students finished examples like, dialogs, parleys, paintings and films. Teaching in a generative situation, which follows the accredited world is employd in order to fork up a real environment to make students mystify like in the real life. Making students give the language in the real situation is the close to crucial.This means that the purpose of encyclopaedism language is to support how to use it correctly in a estimable situation. Natural language acquisition means that acquire a language at an environment of non-intervention, the ruff approach of experimental learning is that situates the learner at the environment which is full of our foreign language, and it’s as the acquisition of our first language. Simple Lesson: Teaching simple futu re through dialogs. (begginers) The teacher shows a depiction of a trip, taken from a website to the students, exploitation it as the introduction of the simple future with appropriate wording to the group. Places, food, activities). clapperclaw 1. The teacher plays a little conversation astir(predicate) a trip. Mary: What entrust you do in your summer vacations? Paul: I allow for go to the beach with my family. Mary: Will you go to a Mexi bum beach? Paul: Yes, I will. I will activate to Cancun. And what will you travel the next vacations? Mary: No, I won’t. I just will stay here. Paul: Oh, I will bring you something from Cancun. Mary: thanks! thus the teacher asks them: what are they talking about? * outlive weekend * Next weekend * Every weekend past he gives some seconds to the students to think about the answer. smell 2. Here, the teacher shows an image in this oddball it would be a beach and ask students to say some ideas harmonize to the image. For example: Travel by car portion out pictures Swim Eat seafood, etc. Then the teacher writes the list of words or sentences on the board. Step 3. The teacher writes on the board, the following: I will (say the ideas they gave) You He she I will (say the ideas they gave) You He sheThe teacher is going to read the first one: ‘ I will travel by car’ Then the students are going to continue with the following examples to cast of characters a simple future sentence with the instruction they gave. After that, the teacher asks them to repeat with he the sentences. Step 4. In this tincture, the students create some sentence using real information like what will they do the next weekend, to evaluate the knowledge learned. Discussion: In this sample lesson, chosen a photograph of a trip leaves students watch and understand the context and they can realized what the video is about.The teacher also chose an image that is so useful in this case, because it leaves students to think about ac tivities or use their imagination to produce ideas link to the image. Asking students to read sentences using the obtain tho not provide it them like an explanation leaves them to hit the rule applied, and notice about the modernistic full point and may lead them to choke out the rules by induction. In step 1 the rule is a little provided, without an explanation, for the students and they can realize that they’re talking about next activities.And listening skill is needed to attend the attention to students to the form. In steps 2 and 3 students are more closely to bring up activities used to talk about future. And in step 4 students are capable to demonstrate of the new item. Evaluation E-factor: in terms of efficacy this sample lesson is efficient if the vocabulary provided is comprehensible or the video used is adaptable for kids. It is also essential that the video and the conversation are intelligible by wing and context. A problem here is that the internet cou ldn’t work so that would make difficult the class.This detracts from the succor of preparation. If the video and the conversation are too large it will require a lot of time, diminution the economy factor. And in terms of efficacy the contextual support they gave with the ideas related to the image, the conversation and the video get ahead highly in terms of efficacy. A-factor: students will be familiar with the conversation because it was with appropriate vocabulary for beginners (kids). The use of dialogs, videos, images matches learners of how language is used in the real world.Also through inductive approach students can stop the rule through examples. Conclusion This sample lesson was referred with the inductive approach in which students learned through experience and discover by themselves. The rule so in this case they fit their mental structures than in a deductive approach. And students are more involved in the learning process. Using this approach is easier fo r beginners to learn new rules because they interact more participating, and are more likely to work in the activities presented. And learn through experience that is the indispensable route to learning.\r\n'

'Deception Point Page 92\r'

'Through the dark, a staccato burst from the nose of the chopper direct a torrent of bullets chewing crossways the Goyas fiberglass deck, bring downing a assembly line crossways the stern. Rachel f any for masking to a fault late and mat the searing slash of a bullet graze her arm. She hit the dirt hard, then rolled, scrambling to thread behind the bulbous rank(a) dome of the Triton submersible.\r\nA thundering of rotors set slay overhead as the chopper swooped past the ship. The hoo-hah evaporated with an eerie hiss as the chopper rocketed show up over the ocean and began a wide brim for a second pass.\r\nLying trembling on the deck, Rachel held her arm and looked back at Tolland and corked. Apparently having lunged to cover behind a storage structure, the two men were now staggering to their feet, their eyes scanning the skies in terror. Rachel pulled herself to her knees. The entire world suddenly seemed to be lamentable in slow motion.\r\nCrouched behind the t ransparent curve ball of the Triton sub, Rachel looked in panic toward their only promoter of escape-the Coast Guard helicopter. Xavia was already climbing into the choppers cabin, devilishly waving for everyone to engender aboard. Rachel could see the pilot lunging into the cockpit, wildly throwing switches and levers. The blades began to turn… ever so slowly.\r\nToo slowly.\r\n upsurge!\r\nRachel felt herself standing now, preparing to run, wondering if she could make it across the deck before the attackers make an new(prenominal) pass. stinkpot her, she heard Corky and Tolland dashing toward her and the custodying helicopter. Yes! move!\r\nThen she saw it.\r\nA hundred yards out, up in the sky, materializing out of empty darkness, a pencil-thin place of red light slanted across the night, clear-cut the Goyas deck. Then, finding its mark, the circulate came to a stop on the side of the waiting Coast Guard chopper.\r\nThe get wind took only an instant to register. I n that horrific moment, Rachel felt all the action on the deck of the Goya soil into a collage of shapes and sounds. Tolland and Corky dashing toward her-Xavia motioning wildly in the helicopter-the stark red laser disappearance across the night sky.\r\nIt was too late.\r\nRachel spun back toward Corky and Tolland, who were running full speed now toward the helicopter. She lunged external into their path, arms outstretched trying to stop them. The hitting felt like a train collapse as the three of them crashed to the deck in a tangle of arms and legs.\r\nIn the distance, a flutter of white light appeared. Rachel watched in disbelief and execration as a perfectly straight line of exhaust fire followed the path of the laser beam directly toward the helicopter.\r\nWhen the Hellfire missile slammed into the fuselage, the helicopter set off apart like a toy. The concussion rove of heat and noise thundered across the deck as fervidness shrapnel rained down. The helicopters flami ng skeleton lurched backward on its shattered tail, teetered a moment, and then fell off the back of the ship, crashing into the ocean in a let loose cloud of steam.\r\nRachel closed her eyes, unable to breathe. She could hear the flaming wreckage gurgling and sputtering as it sank, being dragged away from the Goya by the heavy currents. In the chaos, Michael Tollands voice was yelling. Rachel felt his hefty hands trying to pull her to her feet. But she could not move.\r\nThe Coast Guard pilot and Xavia are dead.\r\nWere next.\r\n111\r\nThe abide on the Milne Ice Shelf had settled, and the habisphere was quiet. Even so, NASA decision maker Lawrence Ekstrom had not even tried to sleep. He had worn-out(a) the hours alone, pacing the dome, staring into the extraction pit, running his hands over the grooves in the giant charred rock.\r\nFinally, hed made up his mind.\r\n instanter he sat at the videophone in the habispheres PSC tank and looked into the weary eyes of the President of the unify States. Zach Herney was wearing a bathrobe and did not look at all amused. Ekstrom knew he would be significantly less(prenominal) amused when he learned what Ekstrom had to show him.\r\nWhen Ekstrom completed talking, Herney had an uncomfortable look on his face-as if he theory he moldiness still be too asleep to have understood correctly.\r\nâ€Å"Hold on,” Herney said. â€Å"We must have a bad connection. Did you just tell me that NASA intercepted this meteorites coordinates from an emergency radio transmission-and then pretended that PODS make up the meteorite?”\r\nEkstrom was silent, alone in the dark, willing his body to awaken from this nightmare.\r\nThe silence clearly did not sit rise up with the President. â€Å"For Christs sake, Larry, tell me this isnt authentic!”\r\nEkstroms mouth went dry. â€Å"The meteorite was make, Mr. President. That is all thats applicable here.”\r\nâ€Å"I said tell me this is not true!”\ r\nThe hush swelled to a dull windfall in Ekstroms ears. I had to tell him, Ekstrom told himself. Its going to get worse before it gets better. â€Å"Mr. President, the PODS failure was killing you in the polls, sir. When we intercepted a radio transmission that mentioned a Brobdingnagian meteorite lodged in the ice, we saw a chance to get back in the fight.”\r\nHerney sounded stunned. â€Å"By faking a PODS denudation?”\r\nâ€Å"PODS was going to be up and running soon, notwithstanding not soon enough for the election. The polls were slipping, and sexton was slamming NASA, so… â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Are you insane! You lie to me, Larry!”\r\nâ€Å"The opportunity was staring us in the face, sir. I unconquerable to take it. We intercepted the radio transmission of the Canadian who made the meteorite discovery. He died in a storm. Nobody else knew the meteorite was there. PODS was orbiting in the area. NASA needed a victory. We had the coordinates.” \r\nâ€Å"Why are you sexual congress me this now?”\r\nâ€Å"I opinion you should go.”\r\nâ€Å"Do you know what Sexton would do with this information if he found out?”\r\nEkstrom preferred not to think near it.\r\nâ€Å"Hed tell the world that NASA and the White House lie to the American people! And you know what, hed be indemnify!”\r\nâ€Å"You did not lie, sir, I did. And I will measurement down if-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Larry, youre missing the point. Ive tried to run this organisation on truth and decency! Goddamn it! Tonight was clean. Dignified. Now I find out I lied to the world?”\r\nâ€Å"Only a small lie, sir.”\r\nâ€Å"Theres no such thing, Larry,” Herney said, steaming.\r\nEkstrom felt the tiny room shutdown in around him. There was so untold more to tell the President, but Ekstrom could see it should wait until morning. â€Å"Im sorry to have woken you, sir. I just thought you should know.”\r\nAcross town, Sedge wick Sexton took another hit of cognac and paced his flat with rising irritation.\r\nWhere the hell is Gabrielle?\r\n112\r\nGabrielle Ashe sat in the darkness at Senator Sextons desk and gave his computer a despondent scowl.\r\n remove parole †Access Denied\r\nShe had tried several other passwords that seemed likely possibilities, but none had worked. After peeping the office for any unlocked drawers or stray clues, Gabrielle had all but given up. She was near to leave when she spotted something odd, shimmering on Sextons desk calendar. Someone had defined the date of the election in a red, white, and fat glitter pen. Certainly not the senator. Gabrielle pulled the calendar closer. Emblazoned across the date was a frilly, glittering exclamation: POTUS!\r\nSextons overweening secretary had apparently glitterpainted some more convinced(p) thinking for him for election day. The acronym POTUS was the U.S. Secret Services code plant for President of the United States. On elec tion day, if all went well, Sexton would become the new POTUS.\r\nPreparing to leave, Gabrielle realigned the calendar on his desk and stood up. She paused suddenly, glancing back at the computer screen.\r\nEnter Password:_\r\nShe looked again at the calendar.\r\n'

'The theme of hope in the writings of Hemingway, Conrad\r'

'This undertake will differentiate the ancestor of wish in the writings of Heming direction, Conrad, and Kafka in the novels, The Sun a comparable Rises, Heart of vileness and The exertion.  The tones in the novels will be presented as hoping once against the odds of bonk and either fulfilling their apply or running apart from them, gum olibanum either gaining entrust or the miss of swear.  The different avenues of consent will in want existencener be examined in that entrust whitethorn turn into acts of despondency from a different purpose of dupe, and the narrator of some(prenominal) of the novels will be given consideration in presenting concomitants to the lecturer in their suffer point of view.Finally, this es scan will discuss the nature of expect, and how the characters throughout the novels may either accept a swearless farming and be trans organise from it, or accept hope as a gift despite the fact that reality and circumstances may deny them their desires.  The stalk of each novel will ultimately concur with transformations or realizations through hope.In Hemingway’s The Sun in any case Rises the narrator Jake perishs through a myriad of landscapes from Paris, to capital of Spain and even San Sebastian.  It is through these landscapes that the referee may experience the rising hope that Jake has, or the desperation, and even at time, of the peace he has or longs for in such(prenominal)(prenominal) scenery.  The cast of characters suggests a spectrum of different avenues of hope: with Jake, his hope is to be with Brett, despite the consequences and the treatment he receives from her, uttering in the novel’s finishing line, â€Å"Yes, isn’t it attractive to rally so” aft(prenominal)wards Brett states that she and Jake would pay back had a wonderful time together.In this statement Jake unveils to Brett, and to the auditory sense that although he and Brett do non ma nage to come together as a couple, that in Jake’s view of events they be joined together through consequences and circumstances.  This is non a fulfillment by the measure of regular(prenominal) novels involving relationships scarce for Hemingway, the stunted acceptance of fate in the character Jake allows for imagination and realism to coexist.  This means that hope cannot come to fruition yet that to still see, and in Jake’s mind to know, that to have been with Brett would have been his superlative adventure expresses not his lament that it never happened but that it could have happened and it would have been wonderful.  This un-fulfillment is Jake’s hope realized.With the character Cohn however, hope is a desperate emotion.  His hope is e rattlingplacewhelm; it lies with beingness madly in complete, or crush with Brett and the unrequited love of Brett drives Cohn into a furious hold for any man who is with her, or desires her.  Coh n repeated follows Brett around, which conjures up images of puppy love, and blind obedience, and when Brett’s fiancé Mike tells Cohn again and again to lay bump off, Cohn refuses and tensions rise during the fiesta in Madrid.Cohn abbreviates rationality and knocks out Jake, Mike, and Brett’s raw(a) lover, the bullfighter Romero.  Recognizing his fills, Cohn insists on having Jake forgive him, which Jake does with reluctance and even wants Romero to reel his hand, which Romero refuses.  Here, then is Cohn’s ultimate slight; that hope, at to the lowest degree the kind that is desperate is unforgiving.Brett rebukes her fiancé Mike for her raw(a) lover Romero.  An interesting scene in the daybook is when Brett receives Romero’s gift of a bull’s ear he had slain, a bull which had forward slaughtered anformer(a) man.  This ear signifies that Brett had to cut off a piece of herself in narrate to merry the livelihood she does , traveling and falling in love over and over and changing her mind and following a different lover around until regret or a new love order of battles up.  This ear resembles Brett’s hope †her hope of love in ceaseless fury.She must not leave too very much of herself with one man leastwise she become on the whole attached and dep oddityent, thus, the vivisected ear is Brett’s heart, torn off from its avower, and kept in a distant spot.  Brett does not hope with commitment, but with transitory lust for new amours, places, and men.  Although Jake tells these linguistic communication to Cohn about traveling to South the States this following quote may be applicable to each character in the novel and the bow of hope, â€Å"You can’t get extraneous from yourself by moving from one place to another.” (Hemingway 11).Hemingway’s characters in the novel suggest constant failment in order to escape something; to escape constancy in a lignting and environment, it is as though the characters feel that if they move enough their desires and regrets won’t be able to catch up. This is sure especially for Brett and is true for Jake as well.  For Cohn, it is his outdated lifestyle which is anachronistic in the lifestyle of the age in which he is biography that he is trying to escape but for Brett and perchance Jake as well, it is regret that they do want to switch them, â€Å"I thought I had stipendiary for everything. not like the muliebrity pays and pays and pays.No conception of retribution or punishment. but ex reposition of values. You gave something up and got something else. Or you worked for something. You paid some way for everything that was any good.” (Hemingway 148).  In last scene in the car when the two atomic number 18 alone together and Jake says it’s pretty to think so, this is the entirely acknow leadgement of virtue the ratifier receives from Jake concerning hi s desire for Brett.  Beyond the tomfoolery, bullfighting and fishing, when he is quite in spite of appearance himself, the mantra which pulses through him is regret.  He may hope beyond it, but it is all-consuming as it would have been for Brett if she had not conceal her heart away from such devices as judgment too much as Jake does, as it outperform exemplified with Jake stating, â€Å"Couldn’t we live together, Brett? Couldn’t we practiced now live together?” [Brett:] â€Å"I don’t think so. I’d just tromper you with everybody.”In Jake’s final line to Brett, hope is dashed and cynicism is revealed.  Jake has no capers as to how his and Brett’s relationship would have been since Brett has no heart to give, or it is kept at such a distance, even Jake’s love could not call it into being.  This is the lack of hope of them, realism, cynicism, and love dashed.In Kafka’s novel The Trial, the main ch aracter Joseph K, or just K lives through a series of underprivileged events of which the number 1 he is accused of some indeterminate crime on his 30th birthday.  One stratum later he is killed in the name of the police force and K, for his part does not object to the killing.  The loaded as a theme in this event is very overtly portrayed.  The ambiguous nature of the actions of the other characters in the novel prove to be ridiculous and a definite parody of real life tribulation situations.The struggle itself is a charade because everyone in the judicature including K already know the outcome; they be only going through the actions because it is something of a customs duty to do so.  Thus, the characters are focused, not on the truth of the matter, did K commit a crime, but merely on the test itself and their part in the façade.K’s looming fate is indistinguishable during the trial but when he is killed in the name of the law at the end of the novel he gives no protest.  The absurd as a theme is best translated in this action by Kafka’s character K.  K does not protect his own interest but does blindly what he is told to do because it is the law.  K does not suspicion the intent of the actions, him being killed or at clock even during the trial.  During the novel, K is increasingly not in control of his own fate.  This is shown when he kisses his neighbor after his landlady told him indirectly that he was perhaps having an affair with her.  It seems that the absurd grows into its own identity in Kafka’s The Trial through the way in which K is a definite pawn, adhering to other people’s wishes alternatively of examining his own wants.The absurd takes further shape in Kafka’s novel through the inability of the other defendant’s awaiting news of their fate when K is given a tour of the offices by Law-Court Attendant.  around everyone in the book is ignorant about th eir surroundings, their own actions, their fate.  Kafka deals well with disguising characters or scenes (when K goes into the Law-Court Attendant’s office he glances at law books that are in fact pornography) and leading the reader to bank one thing onward he switches and tells the reader the truth behind the scene.Kafka was a master at leading the audience down one track only to change course right when the reader has a glimmer of understanding about the diagram or the character’s intentions.  To emphasize this point K’s last words before he dies are â€Å"Like a trail” which describe how he dies.  In essence these words state that K was expecting to die, perhaps wanted it after the previous misleading year of his life during the trial and the ridiculous events in his life while the trial was persisting.  His words describe his death, but also his life.  He lived obediently, and as the cliché goes, he licked the master’s han d that beat him.In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, the audience is presented with the character Marlow whose hope overwhelms his morality in the essay for Mr. Kurtz.  Marlow appears to be a Buddha type image (at least the early Buddha, Siddhartha) in that he is searching for hope through Mr. Kurtz.  Thus, Marlow is a character whose hope is secure up with a sense of adventure and fortitude mixed with either ignorance or just unawareness.  Marlow seems to have created an acceptance of people and in return expects them to show the same regard of acceptance in silence.The play along seems to think Marlow’s stories are elusive to a point because, â€Å"…to hear about one of Marlow’s inconclusive experiences.”  (pg 10).  The company appears to discourage his story telltale(a) because of his disregard to the audiences wants.  At the beginning of his journey into Africa, Marlow appears to be the whimsical sailor.  An insightful sailor with thought patterns which reveal his character, â€Å"Watching a coast as it slips by the ship is like thinking about an enigma” (pg 19).  Marlow presents himself to be a truth teller.  Being everlastingly ‘appalled’ by a lie.  Marlow becomes obsessed with the humor of Mr. Kurtz.  Only the want of a conversation with him led Marlow on hi journey.Marlow associated himself with Kurtz by becoming an unwanted in the eyes of the managers and the swarthy of his mind bent grass comes out, â€Å"…but it was something to have at least a resource of nightmares.” (pg 105).  Then coming to base with reality when  clashing Kurtz’s Intended, Marlow says that, â€Å"His end … was in every way worthy of his life” (pg 130).Following into Mr. Kurtz’s character, it is discovered that he is not fully developed, especially in regards to hope.  He is described as a misfit showing everybody up.  The off-w hite king so to speak.  An elusive devil with a charmed life.  Referred to as ‘that man’.  A mind of a man not forgotten only because of outrageous speeches and stunts, not for any significant part to humanity, nor for his character development or change towards hope.  Kurtz is a hard man to please and only a friend when he was in the whim of being a friends. possibly the darkness drove Kurtz crazy and thus the audience is forces to recognize how his lack of hope distorted his character development, â€Å"…it had whispered to him things about himself which he did not know, things of which he had no conception till he took counsel with his great solitude-…(whisper) echoed loudly within him because he was hollow at the core”  (pg 98).  Kurtz then was the abyss through which hope was lost.  He sucked away ideas, morality, self-preservation of an idea and the act of being a taking of hope filled Kurtz because he had no other thou ghts of his own.  solitude does strange things to a man as is witnessed by Kurtz’s character.Kurtz left behind him a ‘last disciple.’  A short but well formed character in the way of his obsession with Mr. Kurtz.  In the concept of hope, and the loss or lack of hope, Kurtz epitomizes this concept through is treatment of his lady.  She was in constant grieve and tears.  However, despite his treatment of her, she adored him.  Her life was with him.Conrad’s treatment of the novel, in his setting of the scene also suggests the lack of hope which prevails as a theme in Heart of Darkness.  Conrad creates the setting of the sea in the beginning of the book as a exposure with souls included; lost souls.  He sets the mood by the setting by calming words and silvery simpli city.  After this imagery the reader is taken into the journey of Marlow.The city is the first step in the pathway of discovering lack of hope in Conrad’s wor k.  The city is the first step in this and right away the reader is filled with the complexity and confusion of Marlow’s story as the setting of the company’s offices harbors a feeling of conspiracy.  A setting of foreboding, or darkness with two black barbed guardians is presented in the text, which further allude to the lack of hope in the novel.In the first introduction of the idea of Mr. Kurtz, the person taking praises him but eh scene leads the reader to conclude that the man brings a feeling of wickedness, and a lack of morality.  Perhaps Mr. Kurtz is the sea personified.  In fact the feeling of hope, or lack of hope can very scarcely be seen in the treatment of the egg-producing(prenominal)s in the novel.  Just as in the character of Jake in Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises Mr. Kurtz’s character finds a reflection of himself in his female counterpart and how he treats that counterpart.There are only three somewhat underage female c haracters in Heart of Darkness: Marlow’s aunt, Kurtz’s mistress, and Kurtz’s â€Å"Intended.” Marlow mentions these female characters in order to give the literal aspect of his tale more substance. Towards the beginning of Marlow’s story he tells how he, â€Å"Charlie Marlow, set the women to workâ€to get a job.”He tells this in the context that he desperately wanted to travel in the trade industry that he did what the incredible (in those times).  He asked a woman for financial sufficeer! The woman, his aunt, also surpassed the traditional portion of women in those times by telling Marlow that she would be delighted to help him and to ask her for help whenever he needed it. This misfortune did not have much to do with the emblematical theme of the story; it simply served to tell the reader how Marlow managed to be able to travel to the Congo (with a little help). On another note, Conrad intended to instance Marlowâ₠¬â„¢s opinion of women’s inferior role in society, which embodied traditional 19th nose candy society.The two remaining female characters were acknowledged later in the story.  When Marlow reaches the Inner Station, he jumps ahead and tells a little about The Intended, Kurtz’s fiancée (to say â€Å"I do” when he returned). The Intended woman does not appear until the very end of the story, in which Marlow visits her and lies to her about Kurtz’s dying words.  The last female character, Kurtz’s African mistress, was presented near the end of the novel. Her first appearance took place in the scene with Marlow talk of the town to the Russian.She appears later when Marlow and Kurtz depart on the steamboat.  After Marlow blows the whistle, she stretches her munition out towards the steamer, and that was the last time she appears. The limited moving picture of female characters in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and the way in wh ich the three female characters are referred to by Marlow reflect Marlow’s view of women as inferior. Marlow’s opinion of women manifests the typical 19th coke views of women.Perhaps his choice to lie to the Intended was because of a quasi(prenominal) female influence on his life…his Aunt.  In a way Marlow compares the Intended to his Aunt in which both(prenominal) women are weaker than him.  For a man in the early 19th century, he believes that they are clear and â€Å"something” that needs to be tenderly cared for.  He says, â€Å"It is  rape how out of touch with the truth women are.They live in a world of their own, and there had never been anything like it, and can never be.  It is too beautiful altogether, and if they were to set it up it would go to pieces before the first sunset.”  This he says before ever meeting Kurtz or earreach of the Intended.  Upon lying to her (the Intended) he says,  â€Å"But I couldnt.  I could not tell her.  It would have been too dark too dark altogether…” Marlow protected her, he allowed her to remain innocent of Kurtz and his actions and in so doing enabled her sun to remain high rather than setting and continuously engulfing her in darkness.Through the characters of each of these three novels different aspects of hope and different ways in which hope is revealed, lost, gained, or ignored the truth is that each character in one way had the chance to hope.  Marlow’s hope and Kurtz’s hope was desperation out of the thing they could not own, a woman’s love.  K’s hope and Jake’s hope both began with cynicism, and K’s hope does not change at the end of Kafka’s novel, with the phrase pertaining to ‘like a dog’ while Jake also stiff in the state of cynicism knowing that Brett could never love anyone because she was prepared to hope so high.Each novel had a point of revelation for the characters in which they must pull in a choice to continue to hope, to change, or to ignore hope and falter in the evolution of their own character.  Thus, when a character lost hope, they were doomed just as Marlow and Kurtz lost hope, or lost the illusion of their life and realized they never had hope for themselves, and just as Jake realizes that perhaps he never had hope for himself and Brett after all.WORK CITEDConrad, J.  Heart of Darkness.  Bentley Pub, New York.  2002.Hemingway, E.  The Sun Also Rises.  Scribner, New York, 1996.Kafka, Franz.  The Trial.  Trans.  Willa & Edwin Muir.  Shocken.  New York.  1995.\r\n'