Organizational Culture

Organizational Culture

Introduction

While research of integrated/organizational `climate looks at the link between man-to-mans, groups, and performance see on a daily basis (communication, networking, reward systems, leaders styles), the term `organizational grow points to the context in which these events occur.

Organizational culture (OC) is what a group learns over a period of time as it solves its problem of survival in an outer environment and internal integration (Schein, 2000). Schein points out three areas where culture manifests itself: observable artefacts, values/norms, and basic underlying assumptions to which most research workers refer to. OC supports effective control (to regulate behaviour), normative order (to soak up behaviour), promotion of innovation (in a culture that encourages creative thinking), system formulation, and employee commitment. Sackmann, Phillips, Kleinberg, and Boyacigiller (1997) suggest in that respect that cultural context contains greater regional, national, industry and regional level, and within the organization a functional, pecking order and tenure level, that are influenced by gender, profession, ethnicity and religion.

Another look of OC highlights how well an individual fits an organizational context (OReilly, Chatmann & Caldwell, 2001).



In this regard values and expectations of individuals interact with facets of the situation (incentive systems, norms) to affect the individuals attitudinal and behavioural responses. Furthermore OC-concepts guide OD and Change Management activities. The prolong interest in OC throughout the past decade has affirm that, in order to understand and change an organization, a researcher must examine the linkages between underlying values, organizational structures, and individual meaning (Denison & Spreitzer, 2001).

In regard to the perspicacity of OC it is challenging that values/norms and basic assumptions influence behaviour on a subconscious level and are therefore not directly accessible for questioning or observation. Even the enquiry of artefacts and their meaning remains at first on a descriptive level (in the form of typologies), because...

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